GREK 102 — Beginning Greek II: Completing the Foundation
Beginning Greek II completes the two-semester foundation in Koine Greek. It picks up where GREK 101 stopped — the noun system partially done, the verb system barely started — and finishes both. The third declension, the full set of Greek tenses across all three voices, participles in every form and function, infinitives, the subjunctive and imperative moods, contract verbs, liquid verbs, and the -mi conjugation: all of it is covered here, unit by unit, with exercises at every step. The course closes with a reading capstone in which students work through extended New Testament text and demonstrate that the two-semester foundation is real reading ability, not memorized grammar rules.
Learning outcomes
- Decline and parse third-declension nouns and adjectives in context.
- Parse and translate any verb in the Greek indicative mood — all six tenses, all three voices.
- Identify, parse, and translate participles in their adverbial and adjectival functions, including the genitive absolute.
- Translate the infinitive and the subjunctive and imperative moods, including conditional sentences.
- Recognize and parse contract, liquid, and -mi verbs.
- Command the high-frequency core vocabulary — roughly 600 words cumulative across GREK 101–102.
- Read extended New Testament passages with comprehension, consulting a lexicon only for rare vocabulary.
Returning to Greek
A genuine bridge module for students returning after a gap or arriving from equivalent prior study. Reviews the GREK 101 noun and verb foundation with a calibration diagnostic, then maps the verbal system GREK 102 will build.
Third-Declension Nouns
Unlocks the stem-based logic of the third declension. Students find the noun stem in the genitive, learn the case endings, work through the major sub-patterns, and read short passages built from high-frequency third-declension nouns.
Third-Declension Adjectives and Pronouns
Extends third-declension skills to adjectives, the mixed-declension pattern of πᾶς, the interrogative and indefinite pronouns, and comparative and superlative forms. Completes the noun system begun in GREK 101.
The Future Indicative
Introduces the future tense formative and the concept of tense formatives. Students form futures of regular verbs, work through stop-stem irregularities and the contracted liquid future, and read a passage featuring future indicatives.
The First Aorist
Opens with the course's central concept: verbal aspect. Students learn why the aorist is not simply "past tense," then master the first-aorist active and middle, and read a short narrative passage built from high-frequency aorist verbs.
The Second Aorist and the Passive Voice
Distinguishes the second aorist from the imperfect and introduces the passive voice. Students form and parse the aorist passive, the future passive, and read a passage featuring verbs in all three voices.
The Perfect and Pluperfect
Explains the perfect's stative, resultative force — the aspect that marks a completed action with ongoing effect. Students form and parse the perfect across all voices, recognize the second perfect, and meet the pluperfect as a recognized form.
Participles I: Forms
Establishes the participle's dual nature before a single form is introduced, then works through present and aorist participles in all voices. The goal is confident parsing before the next two modules turn to translation and function.
Participles II: Adverbial Use
Teaches the adverbial participle — how it modifies the main verb with temporal, causal, concessive, and other nuances — and the relative-time rule. Closes with the genitive absolute: what it is, how to spot it, and how to translate it.
Participles III: Adjectival Use and the Perfect Participle
Completes the participle phase. Students learn the attributive and substantival participle, parse perfect participles, recognize periphrastic constructions, and work through a reading-heavy consolidation lesson drawing every participle type together.
Infinitives
Covers infinitive forms across all tenses and voices, then the major uses: complementary, articular, purpose and result, infinitive with prepositions, and infinitive in indirect discourse with its accusative subject.
Subjunctive and Imperative
A four-lesson module covering the subjunctive mood — form, aspect, and the main clause constructions — conditional sentences, and the imperative, including the distinction between present-tense and aorist-tense prohibitions.
Contract, Liquid, and -mi Verbs
Brings together the three irregular verb classes. Contract verbs with their contraction rules, liquid verbs drawn together from earlier previews, and the high-frequency -mi verbs — δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι — that appear throughout the New Testament.
Reading the Greek New Testament
The capstone module. Students learn a systematic reading strategy, work through a chapter of 1 John, read a Markan narrative passage, and complete a graded reading-comprehension assessment on an unseen connected text. The evidence for CLO-7.